Ssukaali bulwadde obuva mu nkyukakyuka y’emmere obumanyiddwa nga ssukaali ataggwaawo mu musaayi, ekivaamu obutakola bulungi mu butoffaali bwa beta obw’omu lubuto obufulumya insulini, n’enkyukakyuka mpolampola mu nkyukakyuka y’ebirungo ebiyitibwa carbohydrates, proteins, n’amasavu, ekivaamu ebizibu ebingi. Okusinziira ku kibiina ekigatta abalwadde ba ssukaali mu nsi yonna (IDF), abantu abakulu obukadde 537 abali wakati w’emyaka 20 ne 79 mu nsi yonna balina obulwadde bwa sukaali, era eddagala erikendeeza glucose-eriwo kati (okugeza, biguidine ne thiazolidinediones) litera okufuna ebizibu nga ggaasi, okusiiyibwa n’ekiddukano. N’olwekyo, ebirungo ebiva mu bimera eby’obutonde-ebiva mu hypoglycemic active ingredients binoonyezeddwa nnyo. Ebiwuka by’omu nnyanja, ebiramu ebisinga obunene mu nsi yonna eby’omu nnyanja n’eby’obugagga eby’omu nnyanja ebizzibwa obuggya, byawulwamu ebibinja bisatu okusinziira ku langi zaabyo, kwe kugamba, chlorophyta eya kitaka, emmyufu ne kiragala.
Embeera y’okunoonyereza
Okunoonyereza mu myaka kkumi egiyise kulaga nti omuddo gw’ennyanja gwonna gulina ekikolwa ekiziyiza-obulwadde bwa sukaali mu bikolwa by’abantu oba ebisolo, naye ekikolwa kyabwo kitono. Kyasinga kweyolekera mu kuziyiza carbohydrate hydrolase ( -amylase ne -glucosidase) ne dipeptidyl peptidase -IV (DPP-IV), n’omutindo gwa glucose mu musaayi ogutebenkedde oluvannyuma lw’okunywa. Ng’oggyeeko okuziyiza enziyiza eno mu vitro, abanoonyereza era essira baalitadde ku bikolwa byayo eby’okukendeeza sukaali mu bikolwa by’ebibe. Okugeza, The flavonoid-rich Enteromorpha ekola omulimu gw’okukendeeza sukaali mu mbeba ensajja ezirina ssukaali ezireetebwa streptozotocin, nga kino okusinga kifugibwa ekkubo ly’obutoffaali bwa PKB/Akt. Ekirala, okunoonyereza okungi kulaga nti emigaso gy’ebiwuka ebiyitibwa algae biyinza okuva ku ngeri gye bikolamu obukuumi ku bizinga n’okuddamu okufuluma kw’obutoffaali bwa insulini mu butoffaali bw’ebizinga, awamu n’okutumbula okukula kwa proteus, Babella ne bakitiriya endala ez’omugaso mu nkola y’ekyenda okulongoosa obutonde bw’obuwuka obutonotono obw’omu byenda, bwe kityo ne kitereeza okufulumya insulini.
Ebiwuka ebiyitibwa algae birimu ebirungo ebikola ebiramu nga langi, phenols ne sulfated polysaccharides. Ebirungo bino ebikola obulamu nabyo byalaga ebikosa ebinene eby’okukendeeza sukaali.
(1) Fucoxanthin: Fucoxanthin ye carotenoid esangibwa mu chloroplasts z’ebiwuka ebiyitibwa algae. Ensengekera yaayo emanyiddwa nga ebiyungo bya propylene ne oxygen-ebirimu ebibinja ebikola, gamba nga ebibinja bya hydroxyl, carbonyl ne carboxyl. Fucoxanthin okulungamya omutindo gwa glucose mu musaayi kiva ku kulongoosa ekkubo ly’obubonero bwa insulini. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti fucoxanthin eyinza okuba n’ekikolwa eky’obukuumi ku sukaali omungi oguleetebwa omugejjo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ziziyiza glucose induced oxidative stress, era nga wamu zimalawo ebizibu ebiwerako nga hyperglycemia.
(2) Tannins: Tannins ziri mu kibinja kya polyphenols ezitera okuzuulibwa era ne zaawulwa okuva mu muddo gw’omu nnyanja ogwa kitaka. Omuwendo gw’ebibinja bya haidrokisi mu tannins n’ekifo kya O bridge bond bikwatagana nnyo n’emirimu gyabyo. Ebikosa okukendeeza ku sukaali mu musaayi mulimu: okuziyiza carbohydrate hydrolase; Okwongera ku kutwalibwa kwa glucose mu binywa by’amagumba okuyita mu kkubo ly’obutoffaali bwa PKB/Akt kifuula emiwendo gya insulini ne glucose mu musaayi mu mbeera eya bulijjo, ekivaamu ebikosa okukendeeza ku sukaali. Okukendeeza ku lipid oxidation level, okulongoosa obusobozi bwa antioxidant; Obukuumi okuva ku glucose - induced cell oxidation kulina okusikirizibwa.
(3) Sulfated polysaccharide: Sulfated polysaccharide esinga kuggyibwa mu green algae ne red algae, era ensengekera yaayo ey’eddagala, obuzito bwa molekyu n’ensengekera y’enjegere bikwatagana nnyo n’emirimu gy’ebiramu. Ebikolwa byayo eby’okukendeeza sukaali mulimu: okuziyiza carbohydrate hydrolase n’okuziyiza-oxidation.
(4) Fucoidan: Ensengekera ya fucoidan ekolebwa -(1→3) fucose eyungiddwa, nga erimu ebibinja bya sulfate ne L-fucose bingi ku kifo kya c-2 oba C-4. Ebikosa okukendeeza ku sukaali mu musaayi mulimu: okuziyiza carbohydrate hydrolase; Nga tukendeeza ku glucose mu kisiibo, okulongoosa insulini, ebitundu by’amasavu ne lipoprotein, n’enziyiza eziziyiza obuwuka obuleeta obulwadde; Nga tulongoosa ebimera by’ekyenda, okwongera ku bungi bwa Bacteroidetes ne Ackermanella, okukuuma obutebenkevu bwa glucose mu musaayi.
Okumaliriza n’Essuubi
Mu bufunze, ebiwuka ebiyitibwa algae n’ebintu ebikola nga fucoxanin, tannin ne sulfated polysaccharides bikola mu ngeri nnyingi okutebenkeza emiwendo gya glucose mu musaayi oluvannyuma lw’okulya awatali kuleeta bizibu. Wabula ebiwuka ebiyitibwa algae ebibeera mu nnyanja bisobola bulungi okugaggawaza cadmium, lead, chromium, copper n’ebyuma ebirala ebizito okuva mu butonde bw’ennyanja, ekifuula obukuumi bw’ebintu ebisookerwako okusalibwawo. Wadde nga waliwo okunoonyereza kungi ku nkola y’okulwanyisa-ssukaali ey’omuddo gw’omu nnyanja n’ebintu byagwo ebikola obulamu, waliwo enjawulo nnene mu nkola y’okuteekateeka n’okugiggyamu, era enkola ey’omutindo yeetaagibwa okuteekateeka ekirungo ekifaanagana. Okugatta ku ekyo, olw’okuba ebirungo eby’enjawulo ebikola obulamu birina obutwa obw’enjawulo n’engeri y’okukyusakyusa emmere, okunoonyereza okusingako okutuufu mu bibalo mu sampuli z’obujjanjabi kwetaagibwa okukakasa ebikolwa byabwe eby’obukuumi.
